Rule AD et al, 2011: Chronic kidney disease in kidney stone formers
Rule AD, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC
Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
Abstract
Recent population studies have found symptomatic kidney stone formers to be at increased risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although kidney stones are not commonly identified as the primary cause of ESRD, they still may be important contributing factors. Paradoxically, CKD can be protective against forming kidney stones because of the substantial reduction in urine calcium excretion. Among stone formers, those with rare hereditary diseases (cystinuria, primary hyperoxaluria, Dent disease, and 2,8 dihydroxyadenine stones), recurrent urinary tract infections, struvite stones, hypertension, and diabetes seem to be at highest risk for CKD. The primary mechanism for CKD from kidney stones is usually attributed to an obstructive uropathy or pyelonephritis, but crystal plugs at the ducts of Bellini and parenchymal injury from shockwave lithotripsy may also contribute. The historical shift to less invasive surgical management of kidney stones has likely had a beneficial impact on the risk for CKD. Among potential kidney donors, past symptomatic kidney stones but not radiographic stones found on computed tomography scans were associated with albuminuria. Kidney stones detected by ultrasound screening have also been associated with CKD in the general population. Further studies that better classify CKD, better characterize stone formers, more thoroughly address potential confounding by comorbidities, and have active instead of passive follow-up to avoid detection bias are needed.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Aug;6(8):2069-75. doi: 10.2215/CJN.10651110. Epub 2011 Jul 22
PMID: 21784825 [PubMed - in process]
PMCID: PMC3156433 [Available on 2012/8/1]
Comments 1
This article in the Clin J Am Soc Nephrol is probably not primarily meant for a urological reader who is familiar with the pros and cons of SWL. He will stumble on the two contradictory sentences in the abstract:”The primary mechanism for CKD from kidney stones is usually attributed to an obstructive uropathy or pyelonephritis, but crystal plugs at the ducts of Bellini and parenchymal injury from shockwave lithotripsy may also contribute. The historical shift to less invasive surgical management of kidney stones has likely had a beneficial impact on the risk for CKD.”
Such a contradictory statement should not make it into the abstract of a review like this: After several million SWL treatment worldwide and contradictory publications by Amy Krambeck (1. Krambeck AE, et al. Outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy compared to shock wave lithotripsy and conservative management. J Urol 179: 2233–2237, 2008 and 2. Krambeck AE et al.: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension associated with shock wave lithotripsy of renal and proximal ureteral stones at 19 years of followup. J Urol 175: 1742–1747, 2006) she should have reserved these thoughts for the discussion. And: if SWL is regarded as a renal contusion, PCNL may be seen as the combination of a contusion and rupture – with no deleterious effects on the kidney (1. Krambeck).
Peter Alken