Yu Liu 1, Jin-Hui Yi 2, Peng-Yuan Wang 3, Peng Fu 4, Ying Kang 5, Teng Wang 2, Di Zhang 2, Xi-Hong Zhang 6, Jin-Jie Xu 2, Song-Lin Zhang 2, Pei-Dong Han 2, Fan Wang 2, Xiao-Yu Zhou 2, Jia-Sheng Feng 2, Jia-Jun Xu 2, Jia-Hao Qian 2, Dan Wang 2, Hui Chen 2, Run-Hui Liu 7, Fang-Yu Wang 8, Zhao-Shen Li 9, Liang-Hao Hu 10
1Department of Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital; National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
2Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital; National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, 200433, China.
3Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital; National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Gastroenterology, the 981st Hospital of PLA, Chengde, 067000, Hebei, China.
4Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
5Department of Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
6Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China.
7Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
8Department of Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
9Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital; National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, 200433, China.
10Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital; National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, 200433, China.

Shuai Yuan 1 2, Ramaiyan Velmurugan 3, S Prasanna Bharathi 3
1Department of Urology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
2Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 601205, India.

Carlotta Nedbal 1 2, Clara Cerrato 1, Victoria Jahrreiss 1 3, Amelia Pietropaolo 1, Andrea Benedetto Galosi 2, Daniele Castellani 2, Bhaskar Kumar Somani 1
1Department of Urology, University Hospitals Southampton, NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
2Urology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, Polytechnic University of Le Marche, Ancona, Italy.
3Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

S Güven 1, T Tokas 2, A Tozsin 3, B Haid 4, T S Lendvay 5, S Silay 6, V C Mohan 7, J R Cansino 8, S Saulat 9, M Straub 10, A Bujons Tur 11, B Akgül 3, J Samotyjek 12, L Lusuardi 13, S Ferretti 14, O F Cavdar 15, G Ortner 16, S Sultan 17, S Choong 18, S Micali 14, I Saltirov 19, A Sezer 20, C Netsch 21, E de Lorenzis 22, O O Cakir 23, G Zeng 24, A S Gozen 25, G Bianchi 14, B Jurkiewicz 12, T Knoll 26, J Rassweiler 27, K Ahmed 23 28 29, K Sarica 30 31
1Department of Urology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
2Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Athens, Greece.
3Department of Urology, Trakya University School of Medicine Hospital, Edirne, Turkey.
4Ordensklinikum Linz, Barmherzige Scwestern Hospital, Linz, Austria.
5Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.
6Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
7Preeti Urology Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
8Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
9Department of Urology, Tabba Kidney Institute, Karachi, Pakistan.
10Department of Urology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
11Urology Department, Fundación Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
12Pediatric Surgery and Urology Clinic CMKP in Dziekanów Leśny, Dziekanów Leśny, Poland.
13Department of Urology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg University Hospital, Urology, Salzburg, Austria.
14Department of Urology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
15Department of Urology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
16Department of Urology, General Hospital Hall I.T, Tirol, Austria.
17Department of Urology, Menoufia University Hospitals, Shebeen El Kom, Egypt.
18Institute of Urology, University College Hospital, London, UK.
19Department of Urology and Nephrology at Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria.
20Pediatric Urology Clinic, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey.
21Asklepios Klinik BarmbekAbteilung Für Urologie, Hamburg, Germany.
22Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
23King's College London, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK.
24Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
25Department of Urology, Medius Clinic, Ostfildern, Germany.
26Klinikum Sindelfingen-Boeblingen, Sindelfingen, Germany.
27Department of Urology and Andrology, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria.
28Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
29Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
30Sancaktepe Sehit Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
31Department of Urology, Biruni University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.

Kari A O Tikkinen 1, Sara V Tornberg 2, Jani Ruotsalainen 3, Borna Tadayon Najafabadi 4, Saana Horstia 3, Sakineh Hajebrahimi 5, Arto Mikkola 2, Mohamed Abdelkareem 6, Patrick O Richard 7, Kathrin Bausch 8, Sameer Parpia 9, Gordon H Guyatt 10, Philippe D Violette 11; APPEAL Trial Investigators
1Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and University Hospital Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Surgery, South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland.
2Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and University Hospital Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
3Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
4Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
5Department of Urology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
6Urology Section, Surgery Department, Hazm Mebaireek General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
7Division of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
8Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
9Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
10Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
11Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Surgery, Woodstock Hospital, Woodstock, Canada.